Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface/ The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation/ Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets/Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years/ About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans/ The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere/ The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack/ Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics/Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to theproliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms/ Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4/1 billion years ago/ Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive/ In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion,arth's expected long-term future is closely tied to that of the Sun/ Over the next 1/1 Bys, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 3/5 Bys by 40%/ The Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic CO2 cycle, reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 500–900 Mys/ The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, and animal life will become extinct/ After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F)/ From that point, the Earth is expected to be habitable for another 500 Ma, possibly up to 2/3 Ga if nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere/ Even if the Sun were eternal and stable, 27% of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle in one billion years, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges/ Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook
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